Nitric oxide là gì? Các công bố khoa học về Nitric oxide

Superoxide dismutase giảm thiểu tổn thương trong nhiều quá trình bệnh lý, cho thấy gốc superoxide anion (O2-.) là một loài độc hại trong cơ thể sống. Một mục tiêu quan trọng của superoxide có thể là nitric oxide (NO.) được sản xuất bởi nội mô, đại thực bào, bạch cầu trung tính và đuôi thần kinh não. Superoxide và NO. được biết đến sẽ kết hợp nhanh chóng để tạo thành anion peroxynitrite ổn định (ONOO-). Chúng tôi đã chỉ ra rằng peroxynitrite có pKa là 7,49 +/- 0,06 ở 37 độ C và dễ dàng phân hủy sau khi bị proton hóa với thời gian bán phân hủy 1,9 giây ở pH 7,4. Sự phân hủy của peroxynitrite tạo ra một chất oxy hóa mạnh với mức độ phản ứng tương tự như gốc hydroxyl, qua việc đánh giá qua quá trình oxy hóa của deoxyribose hoặc dimethyl sulfoxide. Lượng sản phẩm hình thành, gợi ý cho gốc hydroxyl, là 5,1 +/- 0,1% và 24,3 +/- 1,0% tương ứng, từ peroxynitrite đã thêm vào. Sự hình thành sản phẩm không bị ảnh hưởng bởi chất tạo chelate kim loại diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid, cho thấy rằng sắt không cần thiết để xúc tác quá trình oxy hóa. Ngược lại, desferrioxamine là một chất ức chế cạnh tranh mạnh mẽ của oxidation do peroxynitrite khởi xướng vì có phản ứng trực tiếp giữa desferrioxamine và peroxynitrite thay vì tạo chelate với sắt. Chúng tôi đề xuất rằng superoxide dismutase có thể bảo vệ mô mạch máu bị kích thích để sản xuất superoxide và NO. trong điều kiện bệnh lý bằng cách ngăn cản sự hình thành của peroxynitrite.

The discovery that mammalian cells have the ability to synthesize the free radical nitric oxide (NO) has stimulated an extraordinary impetus for scientific research in all the fields of biology and medicine. Since its early description as an endothelial-derived relaxing factor, NO has emerged as a fundamental signaling device regulating virtually every critical cellular function, as well as a potent mediator of cellular damage in a wide range of conditions. Recent evidence indicates that most of the cytotoxicity attributed to NO is rather due to peroxynitrite, produced from the diffusion-controlled reaction between NO and another free radical, the superoxide anion. Peroxynitrite interacts with lipids, DNA, and proteins via direct oxidative reactions or via indirect, radical-mediated mechanisms. These reactions trigger cellular responses ranging from subtle modulations of cell signaling to overwhelming oxidative injury, committing cells to necrosis or apoptosis. In vivo, peroxynitrite generation represents a crucial pathogenic mechanism in conditions such as stroke, myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, diabetes, circulatory shock, chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, novel pharmacological strategies aimed at removing peroxynitrite might represent powerful therapeutic tools in the future. Evidence supporting these novel roles of NO and peroxynitrite is presented in detail in this review.

Nitric oxide contrasts with most intercellular messengers because it diffuses rapidly and isotropically through most tissues with little reaction but cannot be transported through the vasculature due to rapid destruction by oxyhemoglobin. The rapid diffusion of nitric oxide between cells allows it to locally integrate the responses of blood vessels to turbulence, modulate synaptic plasticity in neurons, and control the oscillatory behavior of neuronal networks. Nitric oxide is not necessarily short lived and is intrinsically no more reactive than oxygen. The reactivity of nitric oxide per se has been greatly overestimated in vitro because no drain is provided to remove nitric oxide. Nitric oxide persists in solution for several minutes in micromolar concentrations before it reacts with oxygen to form much stronger oxidants like nitrogen dioxide. Nitric oxide is removed within seconds in vivo by diffusion over 100 microns through tissues to enter red blood cells and react with oxyhemoglobin. The direct toxicity of nitric oxide is modest but is greatly enhanced by reacting with superoxide to form peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Nitric oxide is the only biological molecule produced in high enough concentrations to out-compete superoxide dismutase for superoxide. Peroxynitrite reacts relatively slowly with most biological molecules, making peroxynitrite a selective oxidant. Peroxynitrite modifies tyrosine in proteins to create nitrotyrosines, leaving a footprint detectable in vivo. Nitration of structural proteins, including neurofilaments and actin, can disrupt filament assembly with major pathological consequences. Antibodies to nitrotyrosine have revealed nitration in human atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia, septic and distressed lung, inflammatory bowel disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

The objective of this study was to determine whether nitric oxide (NO) is responsible for the vascular smooth muscle relaxation elicited by endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). EDRF is an unstable humoral substance released from artery and vein that mediates the action of endothelium-dependent vasodilators. NO is an unstable endothelium-independent vasodilator that is released from vasodilator drugs such as nitroprusside and glyceryl trinitrate. We have repeatedly observed that the actions of NO on vascular smooth muscle closely resemble those of EDRF. In the present study the vascular effects of EDRF released from perfused bovine intrapulmonary artery and vein were compared with the effects of NO delivered by superfusion over endothelium-denuded arterial and venous strips arranged in a cascade. EDRF was indistinguishable from NO in that both were labile (t1/2 = 3-5 sec), inactivated by pyrogallol or superoxide anion, stabilized by superoxide dismutase, and inhibited by oxyhemoglobin or potassium. Both EDRF and NO produced comparable increases in cyclic GMP accumulation in artery and vein, and this cyclic GMP accumulation was inhibited by pyrogallol, oxyhemoglobin, potassium, and methylene blue. EDRF was identified chemically as NO, or a labile nitroso species, by two procedures. First, like NO, EDRF released from freshly isolated aortic endothelial cells reacted with hemoglobin to yield nitrosylhemoglobin. Second, EDRF and NO each similarly promoted the diazotization of sulfanilic acid and yielded the same reaction product after coupling with N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine. Thus, EDRF released from artery and vein possesses identical biological and chemical properties as NO.

▪ Abstract  At the interface between the innate and adaptive immune systems lies the high-output isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS2 or iNOS). This remarkable molecular machine requires at least 17 binding reactions to assemble a functional dimer. Sustained catalysis results from the ability of NOS2 to attach calmodulin without dependence on elevated Ca²⁺. Expression of NOS2 in macrophages is controlled by cytokines and microbial products, primarily by transcriptional induction. NOS2 has been documented in macrophages from human, horse, cow, goat, sheep, rat, mouse, and chicken. Human NOS2 is most readily observed in monocytes or macrophages from patients with infectious or inflammatory diseases. Sustained production of NO endows macrophages with cytostatic or cytotoxic activity against viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and tumor cells. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic actions of NO are enhanced by other macrophage products such as acid, glutathione, cysteine, hydrogen peroxide, or superoxide. Although the high-output NO pathway probably evolved to protect the host from infection, suppressive effects on lymphocyte proliferation and damage to other normal host cells confer upon NOS2 the same protective/destructive duality inherent in every other major component of the immune response.

Tóm tắt —Bằng chứng tích lũy cho thấy stress oxy hóa làm thay đổi nhiều chức năng của nội mô, bao gồm cả sự điều hòa trương lực mạch. Sự bất hoạt của nitric oxide (NO ^· ) bởi superoxide và các gốc oxy hóa mạnh khác (ROS) dường như xảy ra trong các điều kiện như tăng huyết áp, tăng cholesterol máu, tiểu đường, và hút thuốc lá. Mất NO ^· liên quan đến các yếu tố nguy cơ truyền thống này có thể phần nào giải thích tại sao chúng gây ra xơ vữa động mạch. Trong số nhiều hệ thống enzyme có khả năng sinh ra ROS, xanthine oxidase, NADH/NADPH oxidase, và synthase nitric oxide nội mô không ghép cóp đã được nghiên cứu kỹ lưỡng trong các tế bào mạch máu. Khi vai trò của các nguồn enzyme ROS khác nhau này trở nên rõ ràng, có thể sẽ có thể sử dụng các phương pháp điều trị cụ thể hơn để ngăn chặn sự sản sinh của chúng và cuối cùng là chỉnh sửa rối loạn chức năng nội mô.